Category Archives: history

History of The World: Part 1 (through 100)

The British Museum is producing a series of stories attempting to tell the story of the human race. They selected 100 objects from their collection, and with BBC Radio 4, are building fifteen minutes of radio around each, releasing them in chronological order.

It’s worth noting the disenchantment over how the museum acquired these pieces, and the institution’s claims to universal importance; the imperial roots of this collection are clearly audible as you listen. The skillful storytelling and the range of experts you’ll hear goes a long way towards selling this project despite that, but the gorgeous story itself is the draw here: how humanity developed, grew, and changed over these last thousands of years.

No one account can do world history justice, but it would be criminal to give up trying. Nothing gives me a greater thrill than great big stories about the shape of the human story, and like other entries in this genre, A History of the World reminds you how complex and amazing this story really is.

We have accountants to thank, for example, for our species’ most important achievement: writing. What we would call literature was content with spoken language, memorized and performed generation after generation. The first bureaucrats, on the other hand, looked to reliable, physical accounting to administer an expanding state. Some of the earliest surviving writing concerns itself with rationing beer in 3000 BC.

It doesn’t hurt that Radio 4 delivers everything in a British accent and peppered with dry humor. One of the learned experts, on the topic of beer as currency, quips, “no liquidity crisis here.” Then he chuckles to himself. It’s so bad it’s awesome.

You can stream episodes here, but the site’s pretty messy. I recommend downloading the podcasts.

An article in The Economist first convinced me this project was worth following. The kicker is delicious: “Of the 100 objects, only one has not been selected yet. Mr MacGregor is waiting until the last possible moment to pick out the best symbol of our own time. Suggestions, please, on a postcard to: British Museum, London WC1B 3DG.”

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Filed under history, memory, radio, storytelling, technology, writing

The First Pop Star

There have always been outsized personalities. Before mass media, talent was recognized and rewarded locally, in parlors and living rooms or on modest stages. Once modern technology let us find these performers and broadcast them around the world, however, a new set of skills developed: how to be a star.

Lady Gaga

The art of mythmaking and headline grabbing is a curious mixture of PR and performance. Honed by The Beatles and Madonna, it was perfected by Lady Gaga, who has made herself news with astonishing skill and speed. But nothing she’s done is new— save a few tweaks for the social media age, she’s learned from the best.

And Eva Tanguay was the best. She put on propulsive, kinetic extravaganzas, changing costumes every three minutes. She wore elaborate, outrageous outfits, had expensive taste and a “raucous love life” (including a black man!), and carried on high profile feuds with other celebrities. She sang about herself and her own fame, and even about her copycats, performing a precursor of “The Real Slim Shady” called “Give an Imitation of Me.”

Most importantly, she made sure everyone knew every juicy detail, along the way creating celebrity as we know it. Jody Rosen, writing in Slate, found the story:

She was the first American popular musician to achieve mass-media celebrity, with a cadre of publicists trumpeting her on- and offstage successes and outrages… She was the first singer to mount nationwide solo headlining tours, drawing record-breaking crowds and shattering box-office tallies from Broadway to Butte. Newspaper accounts describe scenes of fan frenzy that foreshadowed Frank Sinatra at the Paramount Theatre and Beatlemania.

This brazen and thoroughly modern career, built around the desirability and the desires of one willful, self-made woman, lasted from 1904 to 1920.

Eva Tanguay

Rosen again:

She concocted publicity stunts (“Eva Tanguay, the Only Actress in the World Who Ever Made a Balloon Ascension”); threatened to retire before making splashy “comebacks”; contrived tell-all confessional interviews for magazines; and struck an ironic attitude toward these machinations, confessing her lust for attention in songs like “I’d Like To Be an Animal in the Zoo” (1911).

All of Tanguay’s story is like this: fascinating, eerily familiar, and unfairly forgotten. The Queen of Perpetual Motion only made one record and ended her life ignored and alone, but she paved the way for every media savvy superstar we’ve seen since. Read Rosen’s whole article, which goes into amazing detail about her singing and dancing and includes a sample of her voice. It’s well worth your time.

There’s a wonderful postscript to this story. Tanguay’s chart topping hit, the one she recorded, was “I Don’t Care.” It’s the “My Prerogative” of 1904: “I don’t care / What they may think of me / I’m happy go lucky / Men say that I’m plucky / I’m happy and carefree.” Shortly after Rosen’s article ran, Slate found and posted a clip of one of Tanguay’s most famous descendants performing “I Don’t Care.” Ladies and gentlemen, I give you Britney Spears.

That little girl can sing. What ever happened to her? How come these things never turn out well?

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8 Countries, 5 States

And the District of Columbia.

That’s the marriage equality tally today. The only jurisdictions currently marrying same-sex couples are: The Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, Norway, Sweden, South Africa, Portugal, New Hampshire, Iowa, Massachusetts, Vermont and Connecticut. And the District of Columbia.

The year the Supreme Court ruled that interracial marriage was a constitutionally protected right, only 20% of Americans condoned it. Today, fully 40% support gay marriage. The number is closer to 60% in those under thirty.

Perry v. Schwarzenegger, hoping to do for gay marriage in 2010 what Loving v. Virginia did for interracial marriage in 1967, is on its way to the Supreme Court. Margaret Talbot’s New Yorker story about their prospects is amazing.

In other news, Don’t Ask Don’t Tell seems to finally be on its way out. Congratulations, America! The total cost? 13,000 soldiers dismissed since 1993. But it’s not like we were fighting any wars at the time.

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Filed under dreams, history

Whitman on The High Line

I went wandering Sunday and found myself on the High Line. Watching the sun setting over Jersey, gawking at all the west side’s new diva architecture, and lighting up with the Empire State building, I felt very happy, very, very lucky.

I wrote a paper on High Line Park freshman year of college, when it was just a whimsical proposal (as I now brag to anyone who will listen). For all its expense and vanity, when the park opened I immediately fell in love. Walking it—an abandoned elevated freight railway reimagined by the wealthy and fashionable as a stroll through the skyline— you feel kissed by history, the river, the generous city.

Down on 14th, afterwards, I found Whitman quoted at length in a chic shop window. I stood and read from the huge glowing display:

PASSING stranger! you do not know how longingly I look upon you,
You must be he I was seeking, or she I was seeking, (it comes to me, as of a dream,)
I have somewhere surely lived a life of joy with you,
All is recall’d as we flit by each other, fluid, affectionate, chaste, matured,
You grew up with me, were a boy with me, or a girl with me,
I ate with you, and slept with you—your body has become not yours only, nor left my body mine only,
You give me the pleasure of your eyes, face, flesh, as we pass—you take of my beard, breast, hands, in return,
I am not to speak to you—I am to think of you when I sit alone, or wake at night alone,
I am to wait—I do not doubt I am to meet you again,
I am to see to it that I do not lose you.

Some days the world overwhelms you. Sometimes, despite everything, you feel solid, clear and calm. I am to see to it that I do not lose you.

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Filed under beauty, history, new york city, writing

On Death and Dancing

This summer, just after Michael Jackson died, I took a walk with my mom in Inwood park. She remembered a fight she got in with a friend over custody of the “Thriller” LP decades earlier. We had once seen a French breakdancing troupe perform; asked after the show about inspiration, every single one of the young dancers said that it was watching Michael Jackson on TV as kids that made them want to dance. I had written about Jackson’s impact in revolutionary Iran a while back. My mom and I tried to imagine all the similar stories we knew people were telling each other that day.

Mourning “requires other people,” according to Darian Leader, a psychoanalyst. Meghan O’Rourke, writing in The New Yorker this week, explains:

Today, Leader points out, our only public mourning takes the form of grief at the death of celebrities and statesmen… This grief is the same as the old public grief in which groups got together to experience in unity their individual losses. As a saying from the Yangtze Valley (where professional mourning was once common) put it, “We use the occasions of other people’s funerals to release personal sorrows.” When we watch the televised funerals of Michael Jackson or Ted Kennedy, Leader suggests, we are engaging in a practice that goes back to soldiers in the Iliad mourning with Achilles for the fallen Patroclus. Our version is more mediated. Still, in the Internet age, some mourners have returned grief to a social space, creating online grieving communities, establishing virtual cemetaries, commemorative pages, and chat rooms where loss can be described and shared.

Public wailing and ritual black clothing have largely dissappeared, but we’re always inventing new ways to organize public mourning. My favorite product of the Jackson grief gale last summer was Eternal Moonwalk, which stitched YouTube clips together to create a surreal and powerful testament to the King of Pop’s influence.

Keep your eye on the countries named at the bottom of the screen. Watching the same dance step (executed with hillarious inconsistency) performed by so many disparate people somehow feels sublime, holy. It’s not the man, compromised and creepy as he was, that moves me. It’s us— connected, as always, by similar experiences of joy and grief, and now connected by cameras and satellites and software, status updates and text donations. Making mourning public, as it should be, once again.

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Hope for Haiti

This week Haiti has never been far from my thoughts. I feel very sad, humbled, and impotently angry. All my mighty cynicism about television news can’t defang the images on CNN these last few days. The facts are impossible and unbearable.

This is where storytelling matters. We could easily despair, with good cause, in the face of such monstrous unfairness and heartbreak. It would be entierly appropriate, but it benefits no one if we shut down. We need to continue taking our daily footsteps, planning for the future. It’s tempting to turn off the TV and forget; we all know how well we forget, and that sometimes we have to to keep from drowning. But we can also tell stories that let us stay present while retaining (inventing?) hope.

1. Text “Haiti” to 90999 to donate $10 to the International Response Fund.

Our power to quickly and cheaply share information and resources is very recent, completely miraculous, and potentially transformative. The earth has been killing and maiming us for 200,000 years; we are not ignorant, nor impotent, anymore. “Social networking” often seems silly, but a week like this helps us remember what a blessing it is to be connected to each other. My hopeful story: we care about each other’s well being, even across oceans, and we have the ability to act, even across oceans, more than ever before.

2. There is no evil here.

It’s easy to assume that our greatest enemies are other humans, especially after studying the wretched twentieth century. I don’t think this was ever true, and it seems to be increasingly false. It’s small comfort today, but these mass graves were not the result of any human intention. My hopeful story: we’re all on the same side here, as we increasingly are, struggling against natural forces (disease, poverty) instead of each other.

3. There is, incredibly, grace here.

Humans have endured impossible hardships and found hope in hopeless situations throughout history. This week has been no different. I am proud of the US Marines, NYC firefighters, and doctors from all over who travelled to Haiti this week to help. I am even more proud of the Haitians who have responded with vigor and grace. Some have marched and danced through the streets. My hopeful story: it is a blessing, an inspiration, and a privilege to share a planet with such people.

Give all you can, extend your best wishes to all affected, and find stories that keep you going. This isn’t about denying or forgetting horror and heartache. Storytelling is a creative and willful act that lets us hope, work, and find meaning when the facts would suggest we stop. Don’t stop.

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Crown Heights: Roof Quest!

I promise that one day soon AJN will cease to be solely sporadic quips about my new life in the city. I will set aside time, one day a week at the very least, to ramble on and on about the kind of big and involved things it is quite possible only I am interested in. For now, blogging on my lunch break, this is what I’ve got:

The A train is truly magical. It can make Central Park disappear – close your eyes and sixty five blocks are gone. That said, schlepping from Marble Hill to Crown Heights late at night just to see Trading Places is not the kind of thing that at first glance seems worthwhile. The movie was being shown on a rooftop, so it had that going for it, but I didn’t know any of the people hosting, didn’t anticipate the movie being any good, and due an epic and unjust failure of my laundromat’s dryers, didn’t arrive until after the movie had begun, so there was none of that introductory making an ass of one’s self that cements friendships and could theoretically justify schlepping one’s sorry ass all the way to Brooklyn on a work night.

Turns out the setup (laptop, projector, neighboring building’s wall), the movie itself, the company I arrived with, the beer (Colt 45, because apparently that’s what you drink in Crown Heights), and that magical and quintessentially Brooklyn view of midtown shining over the rooftops all conspired to make the night perfectly awesome. Trading Places is an utterly silly movie, but it stars Eddie Murphy, circa 1983; it isn’t hard to figure out how to have a good time with it, which I proceeded to do, loudly and without apology. Somehow the movie’s charms were entirely lost on the dour hipsters who were screening it, but what can you do? That’s the lot of dour hipsters. It sounded like the other movies they screened this summer were the epitome of highbrow, and some unexamined recommendation had caused this oddball comedy to land in their midst. It was like Sir Mix-A-Lot had crashed an opera. (Doesn’t that sound like fun? This was too.) The end of the night was increasingly surreal. I wandered through an apartment in which everything was labeled with knowingly precious hand lettered signs (“booze” – “vinegar” – “refrigerator”) trying to figure out if the movie I had just watched had been compared to The African Queen as a joke or in an honest expression of disappointment. I think it was a little of both.

The delight of the day came on the train ride home, while transferring from the A to the 1 at 168th street. We took the elevator down into the cantilevered, yellow home of what’s apparently among the oldest lines in the city, and spent a good ten minutes just staring at the hand cut and laid tiles, the masonry on the ceiling indicating long lost chandeliers, the epic oldness and grandeur of it all. I peered down the track, which was well lit and didn’t curve. I watched MTA employees clean the platform section by section with high pressure water jets. I encountered a warning about rat poison. It was beautiful. Just before the train arrived, one of the cleaners in his neon orange vest started telling us about the station, prompted by nothing but our curious gaze and idle discussion about the wonder that is a quarter mile of hand tiled mosaic. He volunteered information as easily and directly as if we’d asked him a question, and he was simply, naturally, answering it.

It matters very little that he was very wrong about the age of the station. He claimed that what we were looking at was 200 years old; turns out, “New York City’s first official subway system opened in Manhattan on October 27, 1904. The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) operated the 9.1-mile long subway line that consisted of 28 stations from City Hall to 145th Street and Broadway. IRT service expanded to the Bronx in 1905, to Brooklyn in 1908, and to Queens in 1915. The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) began subway service between Brooklyn and Manhattan in 1915.” So our cavern was probably built in 1904 or 1905, and we were looking at over a hundred years of history, and that is awesome, and having unasked questions answered by bored MTA workers is awesome, and it doesn’t much matter that the answers and the history don’t match.

I’ll be keeping the beauty of the subway and what it can do in my memory today as I discard of my car. She’s served me well, for two years now, carrying me to Ithaca and Philladelphia and Saratoga Springs, to the Mountain Goats and Aesop Rock, to Bear Mountain, Harriman, Rye Playland, Coney Island. She’s given me no trouble at all. I’m sad to see her go.

At least I’ll still have Coney Island.

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Filed under beauty, history, memory, new york city

Let’s Go! North Americans

I’m sure it sounds strange to say that we, as Americans, don’t have enough songs to celebrate our American-ness to, but what the hell, I’ll say it anyway. We don’t. I’ve found few songs that seem to capture that pride in being from somewhere for those of us who live here. I’d venture that the reason – not having thought this through well, mind you, making this up as I go – is twofold.

America is excitingly and gloriously heterogeneous, a mashup of any and everything else, a nation of plagiarists and immigrants – which makes it hard to pin down. A love for America, the place, is unwieldy. What, exactly, do you love in this continent-sized country? It is soft and hard, small and enormous, wise and idiotic. It is the mountains and the marshes, the town and the city, peopled by people without a common parent. I’d think the blues would come closest to the seed, the center, of a national popular identity, but even though jazz and soul and rock and all manner of cultural textures – the songs of American reactionaries and revolutionaries, of the mainstream and the counterculture, and most of the truly great American musical achievements of the twentieth century – formed in the womb of the blues and owe their lives to the blues, it’s still a far cry from a truly definitional, universal American cultural possession.

It’s too recent, for one – a lot of our national mythology is centered on a time that was untouched by the modern blues, that easily predates it. Second, for all it’s evolution and metamorphosis, and despite the fact that after whiter-than-white Brits decided it was brilliant and played it back to us the musical offspring of the blues achieved near ubiquity for a time, the blues is in its essence the creation of one American minority, not of America. America sometimes listens to music together, but it certainly doesn’t make music together.

Third, the blues is finite and fading. While all musics take cues from each other on foundational, subsonic levels – in the same way languages have all borrowed the idea of the alphabet, or been shaped by the printing press – hip hop, born of Jamaica and the south Bronx, cannot be truthfully categorized as one of the blues’ children, although of course there are delightful moments of inspiration and cross-pollination between the two. Pilfering a century of recorded music, as deeply rooted in our state of information overload as the delta blues was in wood and wire and the solitary human heart, our current approach to sound is worlds away from the blues masters’. As the sampler and other machines reshaped the American sonic palette and hip hop came to dominate popular music, the reign of the blues, it must be said, came to a close. (Specifically, rock has largely drained itself of the blues and started again, keeping little and filling itself with hip hop and electronica and anything else it found. Hendrix and Zeppelin were the blues writ large, of course, but only an academic with too much time on his or her hands could find the blues buried in Broken Social Scene or Battles.)

Fourth, the blues and its family of popular musics never, even at their height, touched all of America. Bluegrass and other mountain music, wistful parents of the extraordinarily successful, influential, and long-lived popular country music tradition in America, are surely related to the blues, but more distantly, and as contemporaries, not offspring. (Cousins, perhaps? How far can a metaphor bend until it breaks?) Our Latino population – huge and growing, in case you’d forgotten, comprising more of America each day – mostly listens to music that is not the blues, is not descended from the blues, isn’t even related to the blues. And there has always been concert music, marching band music. There has been polka. Americans dance to Celtic reels, croon lullabies, play taps. I love the color the blues gave American popular culture. But we are not the blues.

Has your mind now given up on the word “blues” and set it loose from its mooring? Are you watching it drift away with a bemused, puzzled expression on your face? Have I repeated it so much you now question the spelling, the reality of it? If not, reread the last few paragraphs a few more times. It’s a rewarding experience, I promise you.

So: the heterogeneity of America precludes the writing of a song about what it’s like to be from here. We write plenty of great songs about what its like to be from certain cities – all great American cities have at least two dozen anthems to their credit, I believe that is actually one of the prerequisites to being known as a “great American city” – and what it’s like to be in the Ozarks or sailing down the Mississippi or wandering the Great Plains. Some of our best songs are even more specific, especially in hip hop, which celebrates regionalism on steroids. For most rappers I listen to, I can name not only the city they’re from, but the neighborhood. But as for a song for America as a whole, not a chance.

America is not small, summarizable, even recognizably American from one end to the other. But the other reason there is a dearth of songs that successfully celebrate our American-ness to is related to what America is. The things that are (usually) common to Americans, the things that (in theory) unite us, the things that (for the most part) remain constant throughout our history, are very abstract. It’s not a kind of food, it’s not a way of dressing, and it’s not music, the blues and its noble attempt notwithstanding. It’s the United States Constitution. It’s ideas, attitudes, beliefs. Any song that tries to celebrate America is bound to get mired in platitudes, truisms, boring and bland generalizations. These songs are hobbled by bleary-eyed patriotism and the criminal overuse of words like freedom. The problem with big ideas, noble promises, and the like- from the standpoint of our rhetorical musician, on his merry quest to write a proudly American song, of course- is not only that they’re boring and bland, but that if they’re taken to their logical conclusion, they’re universal. Democracy! Liberty! Checks and balances! etcetera, etcetera. What room does that leave our poor, hypothetical balladeer for expressing joy at being part of this people, living in this place, here, now? Why bother with the word “America” at all? God bless us all.

I’m writing this because I was listening to a song on the car ride home tonight that for me is that song I want – that song about being from somewhere, that happens to be about being from where I’m from. It’s about being from America in a world where there are other options – when so often American songs seem to exist in a fantasy where a few miles offshore, a few steps into the Canadian woods or across the Mexican desert, the world drops away and one falls, if one is stubborn enough to keep walking straight, off of it. It’s about being American, when lots of people are not American, and partying with these people, talking to them, performing for them, and still being not them. Still being from here. From New York City.

It is not, either in sound or in lyrical content, a song that encompasses all American experience. It’s clearly specific to being a dance DJ based in NYC and touring Europe – and how many of us can really say, why yes, that is my life. That is so me. But it is not about living in New York City – hey aren’t these summers hot, we’re from Queens and you’re from the Bronx, let’s hang out at Coney Island, or any of the other variants on this theme – it’s about being from New York, out in the world. Greetings. We are North Americans. We are North American Scum. In a funny way, this song stumbles upon that one thing that is universally shared in this country, what does unite us: when traveling abroad, we are Americans. It is only through others’ eyes that we merge – like in one of those magic eye pictures – into a cohesive unity, and that the nationality American takes on meaning, whatever it is – usually revered, reviled, or approached with some curious combination of the two. A little strange and unsettling, that the meaning of American is largely determined outside of America (and often based on very limited information), but that is our lot in life.

That’s what you get when you are in content, complicated, and in temperament, a pushy egomaniac. Not for us the humility that lets small European countries pick a specific beverage, the production of some condiment or another, a favorite craft perhaps, and brand themselves with that, carefully assemble a matching set of food, music, dancing, writing. Hey, did you hear the saxophone was invented in Belgium? Not for us the defining catastrophe, or the narrow tribal identity, or the single eternal struggle. We suffer Attention Deficit Disorder when it comes to our cultural pursuits and purposes. And our image is largely out of our hands. Try as she might, Mrs. Rice can’t make a neat package of all this – anyone who tries to brand America as one thing will find a thousand angry representatives of the other at their gate.

I’m seriously considering reopening that account I had with a server where I posted music files – I used to link to them on my old blog – in order to post, then link to, this song. It was one of my favorites last year, and I kept playing it for people hoping someone else would agree, but I played it in my car, so they looked at me funny. What I need to do is get a party going, get people buzzed, talking loudly, and then put it on. See if they think I’m crazy then!

It thrums. It buzzes. Then the drums crash, snap, plink, and generally elicit smiles that spread across your whole face, if, like me, you are someone who is tuned just so and loves this sort of thing. “North American Scum,” from the startlingly brilliant and occasionally quite moving Sound of Silver by LCD Soundsystem. These are the guys who made the cowbell cool again. Really cool. Later on, there are choppy guitar chords. Your dopey grin makes another appearance.

An aside:
Wait, “again”? When was the cowbell cool the first time? Or ever?
Moving on:

Our narrator is not in business of selling America, of praising it’s Constitution, of listing it’s virtues. It’s just that he happens to live here. “You see, I love this place that I’ve grown to know.” It’s as simple as that: this is my home, this is familiar, this is mine. He has gripes: the rent is too high, for one, the kids are uptight, and our parties apparently pale in comparison to those thrown in Europe. “We can’t have parties like in Spain where they go all night – shut down in North America – or like Berlin, where they go in nothing, like- alright!”

Nevertheless, he is proud to be North American Scum in our age of anti-Americanism. “Yeah, I know you wouldn’t touch us with a ten-foot pole” he says, to everyone looking down their noses. And while he’s not one to turn others’ anti-Americanism into an excuse for xenophobia – it’s actually kind of sweet when he says “I hate the feeling when you’re looking at me that way, ’cause we’re North Americans” – he doesn’t renounce his citizenship. He revels in it. Talk-sung-chanted over this pounding, proud house track, lines like “We love North America” and “Take me back to the States, man,” and even the oft-repeated, charmingly direct declaration “We’re from North America” seem to capture something other songs never have for me, something I love. America is not the world. America is not perfect, not eternal, not right, not free or just or any other silly word. But it happens to be my home. I love this place that I’ve grown to know.

The ideas, ideals of America; the invention, innovation, and creation that takes place here; all the gooey abstract goodness; of course I have great affection for these things. I have great affection for Frank Capra movies and the voice of Ella Fitzgerald, the phrase “the great American novel,” the pursuit of happiness, checks and balances. But abstractions do not a nation make. To the extent that our abstractions are jingoistic and exceptionalist, they are blind and wrong. And to the extent that they’re universal, well, they’re better filed under “membership in human race” or “residence on planet Earth” than my allegiance to the specifics of this place – my neighbors, my weather, the local gyro shop staffed by young Latinos.

Of course, I’m a big believer in History with a capital “H” and the unity of human destiny, and I’m happy to live in that mode, don my Member Of Humanity nametag, in most of my intellectual pursuits. I celebrate our interconnected, globalized species, our great collective triumphs – a million people lifted out of extreme poverty in China by market forces, global hunger beaten down in the last three decades by bioengineering, the cell phone revolutionizing Africa, Christina Aguilera winning the Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance twice. But I’m also a proud North American. American-ness gets in its own way – our boastfulness, our self-importance, stands between us and what I think a lot of people have, a simple, basic love of their home, love for whatever nation they happened to be born into. We warp that love, try to build something impossible and foolhardy around it, bind it to big words like liberty. Who needs that? Why not let liberty be liberty, let human rights and market capitalism and constitutional liberalism and democratic pluralism stand on their own two feet, live and die by their merits in that great testing ground of abstractions, the grand stadium of History? We hold these abstractions back – why saddle them with our imperfections, our transgressions, tie them to us as if they would cease to have merit were we to falter? And beyond these Platonic dreams, why not open a space for us to say, hey, by the way, we’re from North America. We are North Americans. We love North America.

We are North American Scum.

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Filed under history, music, new york city

Mindful Self Indulgence

Virginia Postrel wrote a wonderful little piece in The Atlantic a while back which clears up something I’d never been able to articulate. If rich people spend their money on things they don’t need to signal their wealth to others, why is so much of the luxury market focused on intimate things like spas, bathrooms, kitchen counters, vacations, and meals consumed in the privacy of one’s own home?

The caricature of the first wealthy Americans, those who gathered their assets as industrialization, modern transportation, and urbanization turned us into an economic powerhouse in the 1880s, has them both stupidly flashy (at the expense of real comforts and useful amenities) and grossly overweight. For these memes we have the writings of Thorstein Veblen and the cartoons of Thomas Nast to thank, as well as the relationship of these simplifications to reality; I’d love to find some real numbers on the subjects, but I have no doubt that members of our first leisure class did weigh more than their parents and did spend a sizable portion of their assets on visible, status enhancing symbols of wealth. The Victorians had the sitting room, a space expensively and impressively decorated to receive visitors, which contrasted with the lack of expense devoted to the interior rooms the family would privately live. In a world where everyone would pretty much fit our description of poverty, those who could afford to spent a good portion of their energies proving to others that they deserved a different status. The contrast of a thin, malnourished working class with a lazy, obese ruling class is also repeated over and over in culture for a reason. Those for whom wealth was no longer a limiting factor on caloric intake overindulged, sometimes in epic ways, not having any models of moderation or culture of sustainable indulgence. Taft, famously our fattest president, actually exemplifies the attempts to learn how to become and remain healthy in a world of temptation. He dieted several times over the course of his life, careening from 243 to 320 pounds, then back down, then back up, then back down.

Since then, the wealthiest Americans, while retaining their love of luxury, glamor, and comfort, have radically shifted their consumption habits. Privacy seems to trump visibility, even in such incredible purchases as islands and multi-million dollar estates tucked away from the world. In a world where the majority of adults can afford a car, many millionaires make themselves inconspicuous on our roadways, choosing luxury sedans indistinguishable from or identical to middle class transportation, unlike their predecessors who set themselves far apart with their carriages. The hidden heart of the luxurious home, the designer kitchen and the custom bathroom, became the destination of more expense than any other rooms. The waistlines of the rich slimmed, and we arrived at the current reality: being overweight is a concern of the poor and lower middle class, and those who live well connected to good food, gyms, a variety of experience and diverse opportunities for outdoor and otherwise physical pursuits, the rich, are fitter overall than the average American.

Simultaneously, we have reinvigorated the conspicuous consumption meme with the coinage of “bling,” a near-ubiquitous shorthand for purchases whose sole purpose is to be seen and to display the wealth of the buyer. Interestingly, those doing this buying, and this displaying, are not the most wealthy, but the recently wealthy, and their imitators in middle America. Our new caricature, of the rapper quickly elevated into the luxury class by an album contract, is strikingly similar to that of our robber barons: obviously expensive cars, jewelery whose lack of beauty just serves to heighten the focus on its cost, and flashy domiciles proudly presented on television.

Postrel reviews the latest research into consumption patterns and unearths a seemingly obvious truth: “The less money your peer group has, the more bling you buy – and vice-versa.” Conspicuous consumption is not the degenerate desination of capitalist wealth accumulation, but a stepping stone, a phase, through which cultural groups pass as they seek to solidify in the public mind their distance from their former peers. In this stage, wealth is famously mismanaged, as in the case of MC Hammer or nine out of ten lottery winners. It is spent primarily on things that lose value (cars) as opposed to things that gain in value (investments). Overindulgence, whether of the quaint caloric variety or the more damaging phychotropic kind, is widespread.

This seems to be good news for two reasons. One: conspicuous consumption, in its most damaging, value-destroying form, is largely temporary. It seems to last a generation. The children of the newly rich are the always rich, for whom strategies for managing great wealth and great opportunity are de rigueur. Their worries are not so much how to prove to other that they have wealth, but how to enjoy it and live with it; their peers are not poor. Spending shifts “from goods to services and experiences.” Two: in the 1880s we were really poor! This is fantastic. Those robber barons, those masters of the universe, were recent arrivals to the world of wealth, whose lives starkly contrasted with those of their parents and peers, and must have wasted so much correcting for this. Most middle class Americans have, least in large part, already moved beyond that “bling” culture. We now value economy and luxury in an interesting mix. We’re healthier, too, and it looks like the future will only offer more of the same.

Maybe we will all be so fit someday as to make one piece jumpers a sensible military uniform. Then again, maybe that’s just too much to hope for.

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Word Of The Day: ROENTGENIZDAT

“The ebullient rhythms of Bill Haley, originally pressed into the vinyl of Decca records, eventually turned up on an X-ray of a fractured skull in Moscow; the immortal voice of Elvis Presley lived for a few months atop a broken ankle or elbow in Yerevan; the rollicking rhythms of Little Richard were captured on a shattered rib cage in Riga or Tallinn.”

Rock Around The Bloc by Timothy Ryback, page 32

Roentgenisdat is the creation of illegal records pressed into the emulsion on the surface of X-ray plates. “Produced by the millions,” Ryback explains, “these records became the common currency of the Soviet-bloc rock scene in the late 1950s.”

I love how ingenious and successful people are at pursuing their own happiness; I love how important music is to people’s lives, how hard they fight for it; I love how technology circumscribes a state’s power to restrict the production and enjoyment of art; most of all I love this image of Little Richard pressed onto an old X-Ray picture. Reading Ryback, I have to stop every two pages to catch my breath: people being beaten, given hard labor, or sent to prison for recording, listening to, or even financially supporting the production of music just seems unreal. And untenable. Which, as the book makes clear, it was.

Soviet popular history is really inspiring – the spread of music and popular dances and illegal ideas speaks of a popular spirit that is truly inspiring, and in the face of hideously anti-human governance – but the actions of these governments keeps shocking me. Did you know the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia? Twice? I know I learned this in high school, but I’d forgotten. Oh thank the lord all that is over. This history should be learned and re-learned; for those of us who didn’t get around to political theory and real familiarity with current events until the middle of the 90s, it can be all too easy to forget exactly what Stalinism meant. They were even anti-jazz! It’s really the intrusions into every day life, more than the headline-generating political acts, that gall me about communism. People were told what to listen to, how to dance, what to think and who to be. And they thought they thought this would last. And they thought they were right.

I was considering making magnitizdat a word of the day too before realizing that would exceed my allowable dosage of Soviet-themed ranting for the week; that one refers to the underground recording, copying, borrowing and lending of audio recordings on cassette tapes (“the electronic sister to the underground publication samizdat“) that took off in the mid-1960s when significant quantities of tapes first became available and recording equipment became cheap enough. That’s advancing technology and human freedom two, evil bureaucratic empire, zero. Let’s add to that my favorite moment so far from Bloc: the twist breaking out en mass in front of the Kremlin. “The police were kept busy late into the night dispersing other spontaneous groups of twisters in Red Square and the surrounding streets” after May Day celebrations, 1967.

The book is fascinating in many ways: rock is always equated with war by state propagandists, the state-sponsored alternatives to popular dances never catch on, and a lot of the time rock comes off as an escape from politics instead of a challenge to the establishment. When young people get angry, the authorities become more lenient about rock and roll, and dancing takes the place of revolution. Pete Seeger’s tour of Eastern Europe and the rise of political protest folk music in the Soviet bloc in the 60s is also covered, and contrasted with “beat music,” as rock was called, folk seems to be the real threat. The chapters on the Beatles are wonderful (“with their straight, dark hair, their average stature, and their simple collarless blazers, the Beatles could be imitated by central European youths with little difficulty”) and eye-opening. It’s wonderful to complicate our basic historical narrative with this kind of alternative perspective; each familiar cultural moment from American history is both shared with and experienced completely differently by those on the other side of the Iron Curtain.

Always, the communists are on the defensive, culturally. Always, technology further empowers the individual over the state. Always, people find a way to make their lives worth living. Its quite a story. And its all the better for knowing how it ends.

More here and here.

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